Spatiotemporal variability in the phenology of the initial intra‐annual molt of American lobster (Homarus americanus Milne Edwards, 1837) and its relationship with bottom temperatures in a changing Gulf of Maine

This study uses the Maine Department of Marine Resources Lobster Sea Sampling data (2000–2016) and logistic models to develop the first time series for the timing and suddenness of onset of the initial intra‐annual molt of American lobster in the Gulf of Maine (GoM), an annual fishery recruitment event crucial to fishermen. Data from three GoM regions (eastern, central, and western coastal Maine) were further divided by sex and estimated maturity of sampled lobsters for analysis. We found differences in the patterns of initial molt timing and suddenness between the regions, sexes, and stages of maturity. Using the Northeast Coastal Ocean Forecasting System hindcast temperatures, seasonal accumulated degrees above 5°C were used to describe the thermal history for each region at ocean depths of about 5 and 110 m. These temperature metrics were used in generalized linear models to investigate the potential effects of seasonal temperatures on the initial molt season. Results showed that initial intra‐annual molting of lobsters was variable from 2000 to 2016, with periods of both earlier and more sudden molts and later and more protracted molts. Warmer temperatures, specifically inshore temperatures, were generally associated with an earlier molt, but without complete uniformity in the direction and magnitude across seasons, regions, and lobster demographics. We also discuss why developing molt time series and quantifying the connection to the bottom temperatures are necessary and emphasized why existing monitoring programs and the applied quantification techniques herein make this relationship difficult to quantify.     

中华绒螯蟹幼蟹蜕皮周期中肝胰腺和肌肉脂类的动态变化

以越冬后即将进入蜕皮的中华绒螯蟹幼蟹为实验对象,采用生化分析方法,研究其蜕皮周期肝胰腺及肌肉脂类的动态变化。本实验将其幼蟹蜕皮周期分为蜕皮前期(D期)、蜕皮期(E期)、蜕皮后期(AB期)和蜕皮间期(C1期和C2期)。结果发现,(1)蜕皮各期肝胰腺总脂含量变化显著,呈现为"高-低-高"的趋势,其中D期最高,AB期最低,C1、C2期开始回升;而肌肉总脂含量变化趋势与肝胰腺相反,为先上升后再下降趋势,在D期最低,AB期含量最高。(2)肝胰腺脂类中以甘油三酰(TG)为主,其次是磷脂(PL);而肌肉脂类主要是PL,其次是TG和胆固醇(CHO)。肝胰腺中TG含量为先下降后上升趋势,其中C1期含量最低,肝胰腺中的PL含量变化趋势与TC相反,AB期含量最高;肌肉中TG含量在E期最高,而此期的PL含量最低。(3)肝胰腺和肌肉的主要脂肪酸为C16∶0、C18∶1n9、C18∶1n7、C18∶2n6(LOA)、C20∶5n3(EPA)和C22∶6n3(DHA)(相对含量4%)。蜕皮周期内,肝胰腺中的饱和脂肪酸(SFA)、单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)和高度不饱和脂肪酸(HUFA)均表现为下降趋势,其中D期肝胰腺中的DHA和EPA含量最高;肌肉中的SFA和MUFA呈现为先上升后下降趋势,而肌肉中的PUFA和HUFA表现为先下降后上升趋势。研究表明,中华绒螯蟹幼蟹蜕皮周期中,肝胰腺和肌肉中的脂类成分发生了显著变化,肝胰腺中脂类可能是其蜕皮期间的主要能量来源物质之一。     

中华绒螯蟹2龄早熟和晚熟品系选育第4代(G4) 在成蟹阶段养殖性能的比较

为评估选育第4代(G4)的中华绒螯蟹在成蟹阶段的养殖性能和性腺发育情况,以G4中华绒螯蟹2龄早熟和2龄晚熟品系为试验对象,以未经选育的养殖群体作对照,比较了这3个群体的扣蟹在成蟹养殖阶段生长、性腺发育及最终养殖效果的差异。试验结果显示:(1)2个选育品系在成蟹养殖阶段的平均体质量始终高于对照组,其中在9月份和11月份,2龄晚熟雌、雄个体的平均体质量均显著高于对照组(P0.05);(2)2龄早熟雌、雄个体的生殖蜕壳时间均早于其他2组,此外,2龄晚熟雌、雄个体分别在7月25日和8月15日的生殖蜕壳率显著低于另外2组(P0.05);(3)就性腺发育而言,2龄早熟品系在性腺发育期间的性腺指数(GSI)始终较高,而2龄晚熟品系的GSI始终较低,其中在9月25日2龄早熟雌蟹的GSI显著高于另外2组(P0.05);(4)2个选育品系成蟹的最终平均体质量和单位面积产量均显著高于对照组,且晚熟雌蟹的成活率显著高于对照组(P0.05);(5)就规格分布而言,晚熟雄蟹体质量在145.00～169.99 g所占的比例显著低于对照组,而在195.00 g以上的比例显著高于其他2组(P0.05);晚熟雌蟹体质量在80.00～99.99 g所占的比例显著低于对照组,而在140.00 g以上的比例显著高于另外2组(P0.05)。结果表明,遗传选育可以有效控制中华绒螯蟹的性腺发育速度及最终体质量。这一结果为2龄早熟和2龄晚熟新品种的申报提供了数据支撑。